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Smart Worksheet: Acids, Bases, pH, and Organic Chemistry Fundamentals

Smart Worksheet
Grade 12
English

Smart Worksheet: Acids, Bases, pH, and Organic Chemistry Fundamentals

Activity 1: Understanding Acids and Bases in Equilibrium

Instructions: Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.
A solution contains acetic acid (

), a weak acid, in water. The following equilibrium is established:

  1. Write the expression for the equilibrium constant (
    
    ) for this reaction.

  1. If more
    
    is added to the system, predict and explain what will happen to the concentrations of
    
    and
    
    .


  1. Draw a labeled diagram showing the relative concentrations of all species before and after the addition of more
    
    .


Activity 2: Exploring the pH Scale

Instructions: The pH scale is used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of solutions. Use your knowledge to answer the following questions.
  1. Calculate the pH of a solution with a hydrogen ion concentration of $1 \times 10^$ M.

  1. A solution has a pH of 12. Is it acidic, neutral, or basic? Explain your reasoning.

  1. Arrange the following substances in order of increasing acidity:
  • Lemon juice (pH 2)
  • Pure water (pH 7)
  • Household ammonia (pH 11)


Activity 3: Organic Chemistry - Carbon Bonding and Hybridization

Instructions: Answer the following questions about carbon's bonding properties.
  1. Define organic chemistry in one sentence.

  1. What is meant by
    
    hybridization in carbon atoms? Draw and label a simple diagram to illustrate
    
    hybridization.


Activity 4: Structural Representations of Organic Molecules

Instructions: Convert the following representations as directed.
  1. Draw the Lewis structure for propane (
    
    ).

  1. Write the condensed formula for butane.

  1. Draw the skeletal structure for 2-methylpropane.


Activity 5: Naming and Isomer Identification

Instructions: Apply your knowledge of organic nomenclature and isomerism.
  1. Provide the IUPAC name for the following structure:
CH

–CH

–CH

–CH


  1. Draw all possible constitutional isomers for C
    
    H
    
    and provide their IUPAC names.

  1. Explain how constitutional isomers differ from each other.