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Earth Science: Chapter 3A: Maps and Mapping Complete Study Guide

Anything · Grade 9 · English

Chapter 3A: Maps and Mapping

Chapter 3: Maps and Mapping Study Guide

Directions: Complete each statement by filling in the missing term, concept, or phrase. Use the page references provided to locate the corresponding concepts in your textbook.


Section 1: The Ghost Map & Historical Epidemiology (Pages 51–52)

  1. [Page 51] Cholera, historically known as the "__________ death," is an acute intestinal infection caused by bacteria that can lead to extreme dehydration and death within hours of onset.
  1. [Page 51] During the 1854 cholera outbreak in London, most medical authorities incorrectly assumed the disease was transmitted by __________, commonly referred to as miasma or pollutants.
  1. [Page 51] A London physician named Dr. __________ suspected that cholera was actually spread through contaminated water or food.
  1. [Page 51] To investigate the outbreak, Dr. Snow plotted streets, water pumps, and placed a mark for each __________ at the residence where it happened.
  1. [Page 51] Snow's map revealed that the vast majority of victims obtained their drinking water from the exact same __________ on Broad Street.
  1. [Page 51] Based on his cartographic evidence, city officials took direct action by removing the __________ of the public water pump, abruptly curbing the epidemic.


Section 2: Life-Saving Maps & Modern Medical Geography (Page 52)

  1. [Page 52] Dr. Snow’s pioneering mapping project marked an early milestone in the field of __________, which is defined as the scientific study of factors that affect a population's health.
  1. [Page 52] Modern government health agencies use disease maps to pinpoint high-infection areas so that __________ programs can be distributed efficiently and cost-effectively to vulnerable populations.
  1. [Page 52] Spatial health maps have also helped environmental scientists detect hidden __________ pollutants that trigger genetic diseases.
  1. [Page 52] Using mapping technology to protect human life and combat disease is a practical demonstration of exercising good and wise __________ over the earth.
  1. [Page 52] In 2014, epidemiologists created detailed spatial maps of West Africa to track and contain the largest recorded outbreak of the __________ virus across Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia.


Section 3: Maps as Models & Visual Perspectives (Pages 52–53)

  1. [Page 52] A map is technically defined as a simplified image that serves as a __________ of part of the Earth's surface.
  1. [Page 52] Like all scientific models, maps do not show every single detail; instead, they include only the information that a specific __________ needs.
  1. [Page 52] While drawings of land are called maps, specialized maps used by sailors at sea and navigators in aviation are called __________.
  1. [Page 52] Early mapmakers often drew landscapes from a tilted or __________ view, which looked natural from a hilltop but produced severe visual distortion.
  1. [Page 52] A tilted viewing angle causes objects to appear shortened in the direction of view, a geometric issue known as a form of __________ that prevents accurate measurements of distance and direction.
  1. [Page 52] A __________ is a special spherical model that accurately represents the true relative shape and proportions of continents and oceans as seen from space.


Section 4: Map Scale & Cartography (Page 53)

  1. [Page 53] Professional mapmakers are formally known as __________.
  1. [Page 53] The ratio comparing a measured distance on a map to the equivalent distance in the real world is called the map __________.
  1. [Page 53] A scale written as 1 inch = 1 mile produces a unitless representative fraction of __________, because there are 63,360 inches in one statute mile.
  1. [Page 53] A __________-scale map has a larger fraction/ratio, covers a smaller geographic territory, and shows a high level of detail such as streets, rivers, and town buildings.
  1. [Page 53] A __________-scale map has a smaller fraction/ratio (such as 1:170,000,000), encompasses vast areas like an entire country or the world, but omits fine local details.
  1. [Page 53] When examining the maps in Figure 3-3, a map focused solely on the city of Jacksonville represents a __________ scale compared to a map displaying the entire state of Florida.


Section 5: Landmarks, Geometry, and the Spherical Earth (Page 54)

  1. [Page 54] While urban navigators rely on numbered street intersections, travelers in featureless wilderness or the open ocean must rely on an invisible coordinate grid built upon the four __________ directions: north, south, east, and west.
  1. [Page 54] The word geometry originates from the Greek root geo, meaning "earth," and metria, meaning "__________."
  1. [Page 54] A specialist in the scientific and mathematical study of points, lines, angles, shapes, and solids is called a __________.
  1. [Page 54] On a standard geographic coordinate grid, vertical grid lines run __________-to-south, while horizontal grid lines run east-to-west.
  1. [Page 54] Educated thinkers recognized that Earth is spherical several hundred years before Christ; one direct observation was that departing ships gradually disappear below the __________ from the hull upward.
  1. [Page 54] Another proof of Earth's curvature is that certain __________ can only be seen from specific latitudes and are invisible from other parts of the world.
  1. [Page 54] During a lunar eclipse, the shadow cast by Earth onto the surface of the moon is always __________, confirming that Earth cannot be a flat disk.
  1. [Page 54] Flat rectangular grid systems work well for small local areas, but when applied to large regions, positions fail to align accurately because a flat two-dimensional plane cannot represent a three-dimensional __________ without distortion.


Section 6: Latitude Lines and Parallels (Page 55)

  1. [Page 55] The largest possible circle that can be drawn around a sphere—sharing both the sphere's center and its diameter—is known as a __________ circle.
  1. [Page 55] The primary great circle on Earth is the __________, which splits the planet into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
  1. [Page 55] Earth's rotational axis is perfectly __________ (at a 90° angle) to the plane of the Equator.
  1. [Page 55] Circles drawn on a sphere parallel to the Equator have diameters smaller than great circles and are classified geometrically as __________ circles.
  1. [Page 55] Lines of latitude are also known as __________ because they never intersect and remain equidistant from one another around the globe.
  1. [Page 55] The Equator is designated as __________ degrees latitude, whereas the geographic North Pole is located at __________ degrees North.
  1. [Page 55] Latitudes north of the Equator are labeled with the letter "N," while latitudes south of the Equator are followed by the letter __________.
  1. [Page 55] The United States capital, Washington, D.C., is located at approximately __________°N latitude.


Section 7: Longitude Lines and Meridians (Page 55)

  1. [Page 55] A line directly connecting the North and South Poles forms a half-circle, geometrically defined as a __________.
  1. [Page 55] Lines of longitude run north-south and are also commonly called __________.
  1. [Page 55] The word meridian is derived from the Latin root word meaning "__________."
  1. [Page 55] A meridian indicates the east-west orientation of the sun when it reaches its __________ point in the sky for a given location.
  1. [Page 55] The exact moment when the sun crosses an observer's local meridian is designated as local __________.
  1. [Page 55] Clock time and local solar noon rarely match exactly because standard human societies organize daily life into regional __________ zones.

Chapter 3A: Maps and Mapping Complete Study Guide

Chapter 3: Maps and Mapping — Fill-in-the-Blank Study Guide

Instructions: Complete each statement by writing the correct term, concept, or numerical value in the blank provided. Each question includes a textbook context page reference ( [Context: Page X] ) to help you locate and review the concepts.


Part 1: The Ghost Map & Historical Epidemiology (Pages 51–52)

  1. [Context: Page 51] Cholera, historically nicknamed the "__________ death," is an acute intestinal infection caused by bacteria that can lead to death within an hour of the first symptoms appearing.
  1. [Context: Page 51] During the 1854 cholera epidemic in London, most disease experts believed the illness was spread by __________ air or airborne pollutants.
  1. [Context: Page 51] A London doctor named Dr. __________ suspected that cholera was actually caused by drinking contaminated water or eating contaminated food.
  1. [Context: Page 51] Dr. Snow investigated the outbreak by plotting streets, water pumps, and residences, placing a mark for each __________ at the exact house where it took place.
  1. [Context: Page 51] Snow's spatial map revealed that the vast majority of deceased individuals had obtained their drinking water from the exact same public __________ on Broad Street.
  1. [Context: Page 51] Dr. Snow persuaded local authorities to remove the pump's __________, which effectively halted the spread of the disease.
  1. [Context: Page 52] Dr. Snow’s work was an early landmark in the science of __________, which is defined as the study of factors that affect a population's health.
  1. [Context: Page 52] Health organizations use disease maps to identify high-density infection clusters so that targeted __________ programs can be distributed cost-effectively.
  1. [Context: Page 52] Geographic health mapping has also enabled researchers to locate hidden __________ pollutants that trigger genetic diseases.
  1. [Context: Page 52] Using mapping technology to combat disease and protect human life is a practical expression of exercising wise and good __________ over the Earth.
  1. [Context: Page 52] In 2014, health officials mapped the largest recorded outbreak of the __________ virus across Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia to guide medical treatment and containment.


Part 2: Maps as Models, Views, and Scale (Pages 52–53)

  1. [Context: Page 52] A map is defined as a simplified image that serves as a __________ of part of the Earth's surface.
  1. [Context: Page 52] Because maps are models, they do not show every detail; instead, they display only the information that a specific __________ requires.
  1. [Context: Page 52] While maps of land areas are called maps, specialized navigational maps used by sailors on the ocean or by pilots in aviation are called __________.
  1. [Context: Page 52] Early mapmakers often drew landscapes from a tilted or __________ view (as seen from a hilltop), which appeared natural but caused severe measurement problems.
  1. [Context: Page 52] An oblique viewing angle causes objects to appear shortened in the direction of view, creating a type of visual __________ that makes measuring true distances difficult.
  1. [Context: Page 52] A __________ is a special spherical map that shows Earth's surface as seen from space, displaying the true shapes of continents and oceans without projection distortion.
  1. [Context: Page 53] Professional mapmakers are known as __________.
  1. [Context: Page 53] The ratio comparing a distance measured on a map to the corresponding distance in the real world is called the map __________.
  1. [Context: Page 53] A map scale of 1 inch = 1 mile corresponds to a scale ratio of 1:__________ because there are that many inches in one mile.
  1. [Context: Page 53] On a map with a scale of 1:25,000, 1 inch on the map represents __________ inches in the real world (or approximately 2,083 feet).
  1. [Context: Page 53] Maps with larger scale ratios (such as 1:1,000,000 or 1:10,000) that depict smaller geographic areas in high detail are called __________-scale maps.
  1. [Context: Page 53] Maps with smaller scale ratios (such as 1:170,000,000) that show large geographic areas like continents or the entire globe are called __________-scale maps.
  1. [Context: Page 53] Compared to a map showing the entire state of Florida (1:9,000,000), a map showing the city of Jacksonville (1:1,000,000) has a __________ scale.


Part 3: Landmarks, Geometry, and the Spherical Earth (Page 54)

  1. [Context: Page 54] While travelers in a city can orient themselves using street intersections, navigators on the open ocean must rely on an invisible coordinate grid based on the four __________ directions (north, south, east, and west).
  1. [Context: Page 54] The word geometry comes from the Greek roots geo, meaning "earth," and metria, meaning "__________."
  1. [Context: Page 54] A scientist or mathematician who studies the properties of points, lines, angles, and surfaces is called a __________.
  1. [Context: Page 54] On a standard geographic coordinate grid, vertical lines run __________-to-south, while horizontal lines run east-to-west.
  1. [Context: Page 54] Educated thinkers recognized that Earth was spherical several hundred years before Christ; one observable proof was that departing ships gradually disappear below the __________ hull-first.
  1. [Context: Page 54] A second proof of Earth's spherical shape is that certain __________ can only be seen from specific latitudes and are invisible elsewhere.
  1. [Context: Page 54] A third proof is that during a lunar eclipse, the shadow cast by the Earth onto the Moon is always __________.
  1. [Context: Page 54] Flat rectangular grid lines work well for small areas, but large-area maps become distorted because a flat two-dimensional plane cannot conform to a three-dimensional __________ without distortion.


Part 4: Latitude, Longitude, and Angular Coordinates (Pages 55–57)

  1. [Context: Page 55] The largest possible circle that can be drawn around a sphere, sharing both the sphere's center and diameter, is called a __________ circle.
  1. [Context: Page 55] Earth's primary great circle is the __________, which divides the planet into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
  1. [Context: Page 55] Earth's rotational axis runs directly perpendicular to the plane of the __________.
  1. [Context: Page 55] Circles on a globe that lie parallel to the Equator with diameters smaller than a great circle are geometrically classified as __________ circles.
  1. [Context: Page 55] Lines of latitude are also known as __________ because they remain equal distances apart and never intersect.
  1. [Context: Page 55] The Equator is designated as __________° latitude, while the North Pole is located at __________°N.
  1. [Context: Page 55] Semicircular arcs connecting the North and South Poles directly are called lines of longitude, or __________.
  1. [Context: Page 55] The term meridian comes from the Latin word meaning "__________."
  1. [Context: Page 55] The moment of the day when the sun reaches its highest point in the sky and crosses an observer's meridian is designated as local __________.
  1. [Context: Page 56] The 0° longitude line, established by international agreement, passes through Greenwich, England, and is called the __________ Meridian.
  1. [Context: Page 56] Longitude angles range from 0° to __________° east and west of Greenwich.
  1. [Context: Page 56] The dividing line that roughly follows the 180° meridian in the western Pacific Ocean where a new calendar day begins at midnight is called the __________ Date Line (IDL).
  1. [Context: Page 56] Unlike true meridians, the International Date Line is not a straight line because it twists to avoid splitting __________ or island nations into two different days.
  1. [Context: Page 56] The precise intersection of a line of latitude and a line of longitude gives an object's __________ coordinates.
  1. [Context: Page 56] Each degree of latitude or longitude is subdivided into 60 __________ (symbol: '), and each minute is further subdivided into 60 __________ (symbol: '').
  1. [Context: Page 56] At the Equator, an angular distance of one minute (1') along a meridian equals approximately one __________ mile (nm).
  1. [Context: Page 56] A nautical mile measures approximately __________ feet (1,852 meters), compared to a statute land mile which is 5,280 feet.
  1. [Context: Page 57] Because all meridians are semicircles of identical length, one degree of latitude represents the __________ distance anywhere along a meridian.
  1. [Context: Page 57] Parallels of latitude become progressively smaller toward the poles; therefore, one degree of longitude covers a __________ physical distance as you travel closer to the poles.
  1. [Context: Page 57] At the exact geographic North and South Poles, all meridians converge at a single point, meaning a degree of longitude has no __________.


Part 5: Navigation, Clocks, and GPS Technology (Pages 57–59)

  1. [Context: Page 57] Determining your exact coordinates and plotting them on a map is known as finding a position __________.
  1. [Context: Page 57] In ancient and Renaissance times, mariners calculated their latitude by measuring the angle of the sun above the horizon at local noon using instruments called __________ or sextants.
  1. [Context: Page 58] Determining longitude at sea remained an unsolved challenge until the year 1761, when John Harrison perfected an accurate seagoing mechanical clock known as a marine __________.
  1. [Context: Page 58] Because Earth rotates 360° in 24 hours, every one-hour time difference between a ship's local solar noon and the home port clock corresponds to __________ degrees of longitude.
  1. [Context: Page 58] If a ship's local noon occurs 2 hours after noon at the Prime Meridian (Greenwich), the ship is located at __________° West longitude.
  1. [Context: Page 58–59] The modern satellite-based navigation network operated worldwide is known as GPS, which stands for the __________ Positioning System.
  1. [Context: Page 58–59] To calculate an accurate two-dimensional horizontal position fix (latitude and longitude), a GPS receiver must detect signals from a minimum of __________ satellites.
  1. [Context: Page 58–59] Detecting a signal from a __________ satellite is necessary to determine the receiver's elevation or altitude.
  1. [Context: Page 59] The full GPS "constellation" consists of at least __________ operational satellites arranged across six orbital planes tilted at an angle of 55° to the Equator.
  1. [Context: Page 59] The urgent military need for reliable real-time positioning in featureless terrain became clearly evident during the 1991 war in __________.
  1. [Context: Page 59] Earth scientists use precise GPS networks to detect and measure minuscule ground movements caused by earthquakes and __________.


Part 6: Standard Map Features (Pages 58 & 60)

  1. [Context: Page 58] The box on a map that defines and explains all symbols, patterns, and colors used is called the map __________.
  1. [Context: Page 58] Scale information on a map can be expressed as a representative fraction/ratio, a verbal equation, or a graphic __________ bar.
  1. [Context: Page 58] Standard map metadata includes the map title, cartographer, publisher, and copyright date, which indicates how __________ the information is.
  1. [Context: Page 58] Most maps include an orientation symbol called a __________ arrow to show which direction is oriented toward the top of the sheet.
  1. [Context: Page 60] True or False: While the International Date Line twists around national boundaries, the geographic location of any true meridian can never be adjusted: __________.