Generated with Monsha

Save this resource to edit, expand, or export it, or create more resources for free.

Animal Classification: One Shot Revision

Anything · Class 10 · English

Animal Classification: One Shot Revision

Anything

Class 10

English

Animal Classification: One Shot Revision

Animal Classification

SSC Class 10 | Maharashtra Board | One Shot Revision

Slide 1: Introduction to Animal Diversity

There are approximately 7 million species of animals on Earth according to a recent study.

It is impossible to study each species individually.

Animal Classification: Grouping of animals into groups and sub-groups based on their similarities and differences.

Slide 2: Benefits of Animal Classification

Easy to Study: Study of a few animals from a group helps understand the entire group.

Evolutionary Understanding: Provides an idea about animal evolution from simple to complex.

Accurate Identification: Animals can be identified with great accuracy (e.g., Identifying a Bat as a mammal, not a bird).

Environmental Role: Helps understand the exact role of an animal in nature and its relationship with other living organisms.

Slide 3: Traditional Method of Classification

Historically, animals were classified into two sub-kingdoms based on the presence or absence of a notochord (a rod-like supporting structure).

fig 1: Traditional Method of Classification

Slide 4: Distinguish: Non-Chordates vs. Chordates

Feature	Non-Chordates	Chordates
Notochord	Absent	Present
Nerve Cord	Present on the Ventral side; it is paired and solid.	Present on the Dorsal side; it is single and hollow.
Gill Slits	Absent	Present at least in the embryonic stage.
Heart	If present, it is on the Dorsal side.	Always present on the Ventral side.

Slide 5: Criteria for Modern Classification

Modern classification uses a "New System" based on several biological parameters:

fig 2: Criteria for Modern Classification

Slide 6: Body Symmetry

Asymmetrical: Body cannot be divided into two equal halves by any imaginary axis (e.g., Sponges).

Radial Symmetry: Body can be divided into two equal halves by any plane passing through the central axis (e.g., Starfish, Hydra).

Bilateral Symmetry: Body can be divided into two equal halves only by one imaginary axis (e.g., Insects, Fish, Humans).

fig 3: Types of Body Symmetry

Slide 7: Germ Layers (Diploblastic & Triploblastic)

During embryonic development, layers of cells are formed which give rise to all tissues and organs.

Diploblastic: Only two layers (Ectoderm and Endoderm). Example: Cnidaria.

Triploblastic: Three layers (Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm). Example: All phyla from Platyhelminthes onwards.

fig 4: Diploblastic vs Triploblastic Organization

Slide 8: Body Cavity (Coelom)

Eucoelomate (True Coelom): Body cavity present between body wall and internal organs, lined by mesoderm (e.g., Annelida to Chordata).

Pseudocoelomate (False Coelom): Body cavity is present but not lined by mesoderm (e.g., Aschelminthes).

Acoelomate: Body cavity is absent (e.g., Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes).

fig 5: Body Cavity Types

Slide 9: Phylum Porifera (Sponges)

Structure: Simplest body organization with numerous pores called Ostia (water intake) and Osculum (water exit).

Special Cells: Possess Choanocytes (collar cells) with flagella to create water current.

Habitat: Mostly marine, some are freshwater.

Movement: Sedentary (attached to a substrate, no locomotion).

Reproduction: Asexual (budding/fragmentation) and sexual.

Examples: Sycon, Euspongia (Bath sponge), Hyalonema.

Slide 10: Phylum Cnidaria / Coelenterata

Forms: Polyp (cylindrical, sedentary) or Medusa (umbrella-like, free-swimming).

Special Cells: Cnidoblasts on tentacles used for defense and paralyzing prey.

Symmetry: Radial.

Organization: Tissue grade, Diploblastic.

Examples: Hydra (Polyp), Aurelia (Jellyfish - Medusa), Physalia (Portuguese man-of-war).

fig 6: Jellyfish (Medusa form)

Slide 11: Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)

Body Shape: Slender and leaf-like or ribbon-like flat body.

Lifestyle: Mostly Endoparasites; few are free-living.

Organization: Triploblastic, Acoelomate.

Special Feature: Hermaphrodite (male and female reproductive systems in the same body).

Examples: Planaria (Free-living), Liver fluke, Tapeworm.

fig 7: Planaria

Slide 12: Phylum Aschelminthes (Roundworms)

Body Shape: Long, thread-like or cylindrical; non-segmented.

Organization: Triploblastic, Pseudocoelomate.

Protection: Covered with a tough cuticle.

Lifestyle: Mostly parasites; can be free-living in soil/water.

Reproduction: Unisexual (Separate males and females).

Examples: Ascaris (Intestinal worm), Filarial worm (Elephantiasis), Loa loa (Eye worm).

fig 8: Ascaris

Slide 13: Phylum Annelida (Segmented Worms)

Body Shape: Long, cylindrical, and divided into ring-like segments (metamerism).

Organization: Triploblastic, Eucoelomate (True coelom).

Locomotion: Setae, parapodia, or suckers.

Symmetry: Bilateral.

Examples: Earthworm, Leech (Ectoparasite), Nereis.

fig 9: Earthworm

Slide 14: Phylum Arthropoda

Rank: Largest phylum in the animal kingdom.

Structure: Animals with jointed appendages (legs).

Exoskeleton: Tough, chitinous exoskeleton.

Habitat: Found in all possible habitats (air, land, water).

Segmentation: Body is segmented into head, thorax, and abdomen.

Examples: Cockroach, Crab, Spider, Scorpion, Butterfly.

fig 10: Cockroach

Slide 15: Phylum Mollusca

Rank: Second largest phylum.

Body Type: Soft-bodied, slimy, non-segmented.

Structure: Divided into Head, Foot, and Visceral mass.

Mantle: Visceral mass is covered by a fold of skin called mantle.

Shell: Mantle secretes a hard calcareous shell (external or internal).

Examples: Snail, Octopus, Bivalve (Oyster).

fig 11: Octopus

Slide 16: Phylum Echinodermata

Meaning: Spiny-skinned animals.

Skeleton: Calcareous spines/plates on the skin.

Locomotion: Using Tube feet (part of water vascular system).

Symmetry: Bilateral in larvae; Radial (Pentaradial) in adults.

Regeneration: High power of regeneration.

Examples: Starfish, Sea urchin, Sea cucumber.

fig 12: Starfish

Slide 17: Phylum Hemichordata

Meaning: Half-chordates; considered a connecting link between non-chordates and chordates.

Structure: Body divided into Proboscis, Collar, and Trunk.

Notochord: Present only in the proboscis region.

Examples: Balanoglossus, Saccoglossus.

fig 13: Balanoglossus

Slide 18: Phylum Chordata and Sub-phyla

Phylum Chordata is further divided into three sub-phyla:

fig 14: Classification of Chordata

Urochordata: Notochord present only in tail of larva.

Cephalochordata: Notochord throughout the body length.

Vertebrata/Craniata: Notochord replaced by a vertebral column; Brain protected by a cranium (skull).

Slide 19: Classes of Vertebrata (Part 1)

1. Class Cyclostomata (Jawless Fish)

Jawless mouth with suckers.

Ectoparasites on other fish.

Soft skin without scales.

Example: Petromyzon.

2. Class Pisces (Fishes)

Cold-blooded (Poikilothermic): Body temp changes with environment.

Spindle-shaped body: Reduces water resistance.

Locomotion: Fins (paired and unpaired).

Respiration: Gills.

Examples: Rohu, Pomfret, Shark (Cartilaginous).

3. Class Amphibia

Larvae are aquatic (gills); Adults can be aquatic or terrestrial (lungs/skin).

Moist skin (no scales) used for breathing in water.

Two pairs of limbs; no neck.

Examples: Frog, Toad, Salamander.

fig 15: Frog

Slide 20: Classes of Vertebrata (Part 2)

4. Class Reptilia

First true terrestrial vertebrates.

Creeping/Crawling movement (cannot lift body high).

Dry and scaly skin.

Neck is present.

Examples: Wall lizard, Snake, Tortoise.

5. Class Aves (Birds)

Warm-blooded (Homeothermic): Maintain constant body temp.

Forelimbs modified into wings for flight.

Exoskeleton of feathers; digits have scales and claws.

Jaws modified into a toothless beak.

Examples: Pigeon, Parrot, Peacock, Ostrich.

6. Class Mammalia

Defining feature: Presence of Mammary glands (milk-producing).

Body covered with hair/fur.

Warm-blooded; digits with nails, claws, or hoofs.

Examples: Human, Kangaroo, Elephant, Bat, Whale.

fig 16: Bat (Mammal)

Slide 21: Summary and Important PYQs

Largest Phylum: Arthropoda.

Second Largest Phylum: Mollusca.

Connecting Link: Balanoglossus (Non-chordate to Chordate).

Water Vascular System: Echinodermata.

Collar Cells: Porifera.

Spindle Shape: Adaptation for aquatic/aerial life (Pisces, Aves).

Common Question: Why is a Whale a mammal and not a fish? Answer: Whales have lungs (not gills), they give birth to young ones (not eggs), and possess mammary glands.